Packet radio over cb. Packet is the ultimate mode for remote operation.

Packet radio over cb The title of the main category is Packet and Digital and it deals mainly with cb Packet radio, eleven meters band. 000 through 148. KISS Interface (TCP/IP, serial port, Bluetooth) & AGW network Interface (TCP/IP). Mobile devices CB radio. It utilizes a protocol named “New Packet Radio”. There are some amateur radio networking projects. 1200bps is fast enough for something like that. NPR (New Packet Radio) is a custom amateur radio digital protocol, designed by F4HDK to transport bidirectional IP trafic over radio links on the 70cm band. SV2AGW packet radio driver runs TCP IP protocol over radio support windows and several devices By: SV2AGW Hits: 13904 | Votes: 29 | Rating: 4. those used by FRS and GMRS walkie-talkies) is illegal. Signal too low to decode in SW of Poland. Geräte, bei denen das Mikrophon fest angeschlossen ist, oder bei denen nur ein eingebautes Mikrophon New Packet Radio. 25 Hz) Probably the most popular keyboard to keyboard digital mode today, PSK31 is normally generated and decoded using PC soundcards with one of many APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System), is a digital communications protocol for exchanging information among a large number of stations covering a large (local) area, often referred to as "IP-ers". Front side of the (modded) 2012 model running a full Linux AX. A 10-meter radio or Ham radio can transmit and receive communications over thousands of miles, but the UHF CB is a class-licensed citizen's band radio service authorised by the governments of Australia, Europe, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Vanuatu, and in the PMR446, UHF 477 MHz band. CB Radio/Packet and Digital; The title of the main category is Packet and Digital and it deals mainly with cb Packet radio, eleven meters band. A CB radio is an effective means of communication among travelers that want to keep abreast traffic and road conditions. The telephone modem is replaced by a "magic" box called a terminal node controller (TNC); the telephone is replaced by an amateur radio transceiver, and the phone system is replaced by Prehistoric WiFi? Converting bits into audio and broadcasting them via radio - Dr Aaron Jackson demos packet radio. Th The KA9Q software (from now on, I'll call it "NOS") is special because it includes the features necessary to run TCP/IP over ham packet radio. The data is divided into small packets and sent with address and erro CB Radio. Is there a data channel for CB's. The services it provides include terminal sessions, file transfer, electronic mail, and data routing This is the place to discuss any general CB radio related topics. Transmission range In late 2018 I regained interest in CB and packet radio and hooked up this setup again and modded the initial 2012 version of the Rpi setup. This will be the first in a playlist all about the new packet radio, NPR-70 v05 Modem by F4HDK. “NPR (New Packet Radio) is a custom radio protocol, designed to transport bidirectional IP traffic over 430MHz radio links (ham radio frequencies 420-450MHz). 000 MHz Black_Pirate Top Poster Posts: 1191 Joined: 07 Oct 2007, 16:05 Call Sign: 26TM034 Location: s. This technique, commonly referred to as packet radio, employs digital transmission to exchange data over radio waves, bridging distances without the need for a physical internet connection. Der Packet-Radio-Controller wird an der Mikrophon- und Lautsprecherbuchse angeschlossen. 550 MHz, apparently there are freebanders who operate on those frequencies for data (CW and SSTV as well) and on 27. Usually the information is [] This is a great solution to IP over radio, and like a number of popular amateur radio projects, it started with the hardware hackers first. AX25 (can not find any date in the changlog, probably 2016 the RC5 release) Ax25-tools > ax25-tools-0. Die Informationen werden in kurzen Datenpaketen (meist maximal 255 Byte) ausgesendet und Packet-Radio mit 1200 Baud Schrittgeschwindigkeit hat sich als Übertragungsverfahren für CB-Funk als optimal herausgestellt und ist heute praktisch die einzige digitale Betriebsart von Für 1200 Baud Betrieb eignet sich praktisch jedes FM-Funkgerät (Amateurfunk oder CB-Funk). 405 MHz (inclusive) UHF – 476. Reply. ” The path is used by receiving stations, particularly digipeaters. This is the first video in a playlist intended to address the wide disbursement of packet radio knowledge. 144. Michael Black says: March 14, 2021 at 9:26 am cb says: March 14, 2021 at 8:41 am What is packet radio? Packet radio sends and receives data over a radio link, first transmitting a burst of data (a packet), and then listening for a response. The DXZone is the largest human created library of amateur radio Web sites, it currently lists more than 20,000 links organized into more than 600 categories. Linux has natively supported the packet radio protocol, more formally known as AX. This is useful for sending files, images, and other data. We do not allow packet radio and other types of data operation on CB bands. 9600 Baud data speed is standard with amateur-radio equipment. When I was just getting into ham radio, I had considered running PSK31 over a CB radio, because my only other HF at the time was an FT-101ZD spewing RF into my computer's sound card Information regarding Packet Radio on CB. 500 and 27. What is Packet Radio in 2021 Primarily used as a protocol for other applications on top of it. AX. pd0rh schreef: Resource Details You will find this resource in just one category on our links directory. Get the HRO Interactive Wat is packet radio: Heel simpel gezegd heb je 3 dingen nodig, een werkende cb radio (of welke frequentie je ook wilt gebruiken), een packet modem en een computer. com/computerphilehtt Packet Radio can be used on any band but is generally used on the lower part of the bands on 2 meters and HF. By: Markus Hits: 547 Amateur radio operators began experimenting with packet radio in 1978, when—after obtaining authorization from the Canadian government—Robert Rouleau, VE2PY; Bram Frank, VE2BFH; Norm Pearl, VE2BQS; and Jacques Orsali, VE2EHP [2] of the Montreal Amateur Radio Club Montreal, Quebec, began experimenting with transmitting ASCII encoded data over VHF To begin, a description of the radios required for packet radio shall be given. 070, 145. 4- and 5. This means that 10 meter radios can reach farther distances and provide I had a fan ask me if it was possible to use Packet radio on the CB band. g. Rather than using connected data streams where stations connect to each other and packets are And the equipment, since most good amateur radio HF equipment would probably put you back $1500 or more, by the time you bought the radio, power supply, antenna, swr meter, dummy load, speaker, tower, coax, extra microphones and all other peripheral devices hams uses today , even computers used to communicate digitally with other hams all over In the early days of Amateur Packet Radio, it was necessary to use an expensive “Terminal Node Controller” (TNC) with specialized hardware. HAMPI V1. Most of the over the counter equipment will be limited to 300 bps (for HF) or 1200 Packet radio is an amateur radio technology from the early 1980s that sends data between computers. A. Die digitalen Informationen werden in kurzen Datenpaketen (meist maximal 255 Byte) ausgesendet und beim Empfänger wieder zusammengesetzt. PD4U Berichten: 56 Lid geworden op: za 17 aug 2013, 21. Many CB radio owners prefer to mount their units on the dashboard. Packet is indeed illegal on CB frequencies in the U. You TNC in kit form, the TAPR TNC1. Radios Over the years, quite a few radios have been produced with the packetier in mind. Simple set-up and connection. 100 – 145. Here, you’ll get a clear view of the radio and easily access it. Amateur radio operators began experimenting with packet radio in 1978, when - after obtaining authorization from the Canadian government - Robert Rouleau, VE2PY and The Western Quebec VHF/UHF Amateur Radio Club in Montreal, Canada began experimenting with transmitting ASCII encoded data over VHF amateur radio frequencies using homebuilt Taking these into account, here are some of the best places to mount a CB radio: Dashboard. Those days are gone. Currently, NPR is primarily being used to access existing local high-speed amateur radio networks from places that cannot have the line-of-sight radio links required for 2. . 25 (traditional packet radio) can be routed via IP. In 1984, a great deal of packet experimentation was done, software for packet bulletin board systems was developed, and packet radio started becoming more and more popular all across the U. Packet-Radio ist ein Verfahren, mit dem man über Funk Daten senden und empfangen kann. This page should give a clear path from getting started with TNCs, APRS, BBS Systems, to the advanced topics of TCP/IP over AX25. 25 stack with Direwolf. Typically this involves cb Packet radio, eleven meters band, a curation of 8 useful links about Packet and Digital Two great-value-for-money 2-way radios (Radioddity GA-2S) that can operate on the UHF frequency range 400-470MHz. and Canada. Die Daten werden über einen Computer eingegeben, der Packet-Radio-Controller (TNC/Modem) erzeugt Packet Radio ist ein Verfahren zur digitalen Datenübertragung im Amateurfunk und CB-Funk. 1 and above, WinBox is a modified version of WinGT for cb radio usuage. 6A1 USE CASE: CW / MORSE CODE aldo - Morse code training program morse - training program about morse- Data Transmission: Packet is a mode used for sending data over the radio. A MURS station may not operate as a repeater station, including store-and-forward packet radio operation, or a signal booster. Advanced Search. Dies führte zur schnellen Etablierung eines bei lizenzierten Funkamateuren seit langem bekannten Übertragungsverfahrens, des Packet-Radios. Getting started, installations, operation etc. This IP protocol is optimized for point-to-multipoint topology, with the help of managed-TDMA. 59 cb-mailbox dbo274 and the famous packet radio mailbox software openbcm. Radio and computer design: Configure the APRS software to work with your radio. I know that there are radio modems and stuff like that. So far it received 12 votes for a total score of 5. 8-rc5. DRM can also be found on the ham bands, as well as commercial So you can’t even use ssh over packet radio to control your repeater or base station. Lets say for a Motorola GM3xx series. Packet Radio was one of the major developments to hit the world of Amateur Radio and thousands of hams soon Oktober 1994 wurde auf den CB-Kanälen 24 und 25 die Betriebsart Datenübertragung freigegeben. Use the cable above with a serial-to-USB port adapter connected to the computer's USB port instead of the serial port. 330 MHz to 26. I've heard pirate packet on 27. This is a method of a. 390 MHZ is also used Nationwide for APRS. Subscribe. 11 - If you wanted to send an NTS message to Tom Like IRC over radio waves. The back side has a DIN connector with TAPR TNC2 style pinout. • Maximum allowable output power for a MURS unit is two watts. The downside of mounting your CB on the dashboard is that Packet radio is a particular digital mode of Amateur Radio ("Ham" Radio) communications which corresponds to computer telecommunications. 770 MHz 26330 kHz to 26770 kHz 26. What I'm asking is if we could use packet radio to host a classic style BBS. Radio with APRS capability: Your packet needs to include a “path. I wonder if there any users of Packet Radio on CB (which is legal on three CEPT channels using AX25). Digipeaters. There are thousands of SYMEK Packet-Radio-Controller in use all over the world. The USB/serial adapter for connecting a TNC was also Intro to TCP/IP over Packet Radio OPERATING Archived post. Packet is the ultimate mode for remote operation. FRL. 915 MHz FM - Packet radio CB radio - Europe - designated digital CB frequency in Germany - German 80 channel CB channel 76 26. Includes legal information, frequencies, telnet gateways and much more. Später dann noch Kanäle im 80Kanal-Bereich (52,53,76,77). (Not in the USA) I realized that it had been many years since I last played with the BBS's of the airways, and set Packet Radio ist ein Verfahren zur digitalen Datenübertragung im Amateur- und CB-Funk. Zwischen dem Datensender und Internet over amateur radio is legal, but it's very easy to make it accidently illegal. S. Radios with non-removeable microphones cannot be used. Soundmodem84, EasyTerm connecting via CB radio to packet radio node running BPQ32 software on raspberry pi /w TNC-X. Updated Apr 22, 2025; Python; rycolos / Direwrite. 2 Link Layer. Sales, Supplies, and Service. It's useable to talk to other people, but not for streaming large amounts of data to other people in other places far away. Above: The Motorola XTS 3000 can be used as stand-alone handsets, or can be connected to a variety of headsets and PTT systems. The use of ham and CB radios has become increasingly common over the years, especially during emergencies or for communication in remote areas where traditional phone lines may not be available. facebook. A CB radio transmits and receives NPR New Packet Radio NRP is an IP link protocol on 70cm ham radio band NPR (New Packet Radio) is a custom amateur radio digital protocol, designed by F4HDK to transport bidirectional IP trafic over radio links on the 70cm band. ) where more "space" (frequencies) is available. Unconnected Packet (Datagrams) Commonly used to call CQ and for Links to this note. The limiting factor is really what you want to do with equipment. 46 posts Previous; 1; lots of german schools use to run packet radio stations for science Classes and run bbs's as part of the school system get peoples interested in computers and communications and science excetra excetra I Within the amateur radio hobby, some people operate 300 baud AX. 145. P25 Radio Standard. 700 MHz. Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) also has a place in the world of ham radio, offering users ease of communication Has anyone ever tried using digital modes such as RTTY, PSK31, and the like over CB? I know way back in the mid-90's there was a big debate on the amateur radio packet BBS's over The basic protocol for packet radio is AX. Packet Radio, WiFi, I2P, or anything else Reticulum supports. This video covers the concept of packet radio it's Packet radio terminal program for win 3. 6-gigahertz Software for packet radio use, a curation of 33 useful links about Packet. Items: 0 . 58/10 Packet radio is a digital mode in amateur radio that allows data packets to be sent and received in a similar way to the Internet. Star 11. From their page: NPR (New Packet Radio) is a custom radio protocol, designed to transport bidirectional IP trafic over 430MHz radio links (ham radio frequencies 420-450MHz). The link to this resource has been on our site since Sunday Aug 3 2003, and it has been followed 13135 times. a brief overview of the current state of packet radio on the hf bands in this comprehensive guide the author navigates through hf packet radio providing insights on the required equipment protocols like fx 25 and il2p and preferred acds segments the post covers decoding and sending traffic delving into optimal settings recommended software and common Aside from these exceptions, any use of encryption on Amateur (ham) radio frequencies and Personal radio frequencies (e. tar. Build a TX audio-activated circuit to trigger the PTT, no A couple thousand baud is considered quite good for packet radio. Packet Radio gained popularity in the amateur radio community in the 80s and 90s as a method of transmitting data split into “packets” across the country and even further afield, before the internet was widely available. 30. In 1981, Hank Magnuski obtained the class A 44 / 8 netblock of 16. EU. 3 parts to a Packet Radio Station Radio – for class purpose, a VHF 2m mobile or HT. TCP/IP over 1200 or 9600bps packet over a half duplex radio link is so ludicrously high-latency and low throughput that nobody wants to use it. WinPack Popular ham radio packet windows application. 965 MHz to 27. Kenwood has manufactured several, including the TS-2000. You can now get better results at lower cost by connecting your radio to the “soundcard” interface of a computer and using software to decode the signals. No Items Go Shopping! Toggle navigation *Get Free Ground Shipping On Most Orders Over $100 (Lower 48) Subscribe To HRO Emails. [1] UHF CB provides 77 channels, including 32 channels (16 output, 16 input) allocated to repeater stations. 1”) was assigned specifically for use via amateur radio. 200 – 145. In VK land they might even be able to use their existing UHF CB antennas for it. By G4IDE. but the most popular proved to be AX. 090 packet) 145. WinTFS TNC virtual phone modem driver for windows 95, known also as TFSlip95. FreeDV comes to mind as a digital mode which was designed for HF and works quite well. For example can I have 2 Motorolas sending data bits across from one PC to another PC serial ports or what ever interfacing method is done. Kansas Amateur Radio; Amateur Radio in Kansas. The telephone modem is replaced by a "magic" box called a terminal node Packet Radio Primer – Communications Training – Spokane Valley – January 2009 Packet Radio Basics Introduction to Packet Radio operation with emphasis on parameters and connecting with other stations, nodes, clusters, digis or BBS'. Omhoog. About DXZone. World's Largest Supplier of Amateur Radio, Ham Radio, and Communication Equipment. WIDE2-2 is a typical terrestrial setting. Report comment. 4125 to 477. On 2 meters the modems usually use AFSK of 1200 baud and sometimes 9600 baud and on HF it is 300 baud. 235mhz FM 73 de de DCT645. Cb: CB2SNK @ CB9SNK. That’s why I’ve started this with a Modern Introduction to Packet The goal of this thread is to list the most useful frequencies and channels to use with CB, FRS, GMRS, MURS & HAM (Amateur Radio) equipment, especially for off-roading and emergency situations. Means they can work on FRS, GMRS, the ham 70cm band, and some frequencies that might get you in I had a fan ask me if it was possible to use Packet radio on the CB band. Posted in Radio Hacks Tagged ip , ISM , npr , packet radio As with all technology, engineers and makers had found a way to use a ham radio as a platform for long-range data networking, which is what Guillaume (F4HDK) did when he designed his New Packet Radio (NPR). 900 - 145. Over the horizon radar OTHR band (WRC allocation, may be secondary in some areas) 26. Central Kansas Packet Radio; For an introduction, take a look at the Packet Radio and Kansas Amateur Radio pages. You cannot speak on these channels. Oktober 1994 ist für engagierte CB-Funker ein Traum in Erfüllung gegangen - auch in CB dürfen nun Daten digital übertragen werden. A Linux packet station can be used for mail, chat, and TCP/IP. 0. For those home-brewing a PTT cable, this gives you several options: B uild a cable with an isolated 'gate' circuit that opens the radio's PTT circuit when it receives a signal from the serial or parallel port. Although TCP/IP over packet radio has been a “thing” for 4 decades now, most new amateurs don’t know a lot about it due to it’s lack of popularity. 25. If you have an HF station you might have a better chance on communicating over longer distances. 200: Linear translator outputs: 145. Traditional connected mode packet radio where the TNC automatically retries transmissions and delivers data in the right order. Some of them still exist over telnet and sometimes SSH, and a few of them can still be dialed into using an old modem. I want to know hamscope is a freeware windows multi mode communications package for amateur radio that supports psk31 bpsk and qpsk rtty ascii mfsk16 packet cw support radio control interface for several icom tentec kenwood and yaesu transceivers compatible with dxbase logic 7 rylogit trx manager yplog by kd5hio glen. This mode was popular in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, but has decreased in use since then. Despite its age, amateur radio operators continue to use and develop packet radio today. 25 packet radio on HF, though it works quite horribly since it uses ancient technology and was not designed for this purpose. Listed under the Software/Morse Code Decoders category that In addition to these conventional modes, a growing number of digital modes, such as packet radio, PSK31, and automatic link establishment (ALE), have gained popularity for their ability to transmit and receive data efficiently. Code Issues Seit dem 1. 500 – 145. A majority of packet radio activity takes place on the VHF and UHF bands ("upper" bands, frequencies above 30 Mhz. This has been attempted many times, but it almost always turns into the same story. Email Address. The modem hardware and software are both open source. To get a by: Greg Jones, WD5IVD. Bitrate is up to 500kbps. 25, since 1993. A Primer for the new Packet Radio operator Introduction to Packet Radio Eighteen-part tutorial on packet radio in HTML and ASCII format from Larry Kenney, WB9LOZ Soundblaster and Packet Flexnet and AGW packet engine tested and reviewed by IZ7ATH Packet Radio on a Windows CE device made simple How to use packet radio using the This is an introduction video to many cool things to come. Two modes of operation - Connected and Connectionless AX. 500: FM repeater outputs (repeater OUT) 145. CB radios (cars) 12V; CB radios (car + truck) 12/24V position data and simple telemetry data over long BBSes were like little websites made entirely out of ANSI characters (basically just colored text). Dadurch können Rechner drahtlos und mit automatischer Fehlerkorrektur miteinander kommunizieren. Amazing, as HAM radio use only APRS by PR - it seems in 2021 there are still CB Radio stations used PR. 09 Roepletters: PD4U. Sound Card Amateur Packet Radio Modems . 100 Hook up an ordinary PC, a Kantronics radio modem, and your radio, and you can send and receive e-mail, transfer files, monitor remote operations, and use numerous other packet radio applications. The NPR-70 is an open source 70cm, IP over amateur radio modem created by F4HDK. 25 v2. Search Text Input. The link to this resource has been on our site since Wednesday Feb 6 2008, and it has been followed 2989 times. 4125 MHz (inclusive) You can only use telemetry and telecommand on UHF channels 22 and 23. INTRODUCTION TO PACKET RADIO - PART 17 PAGE 31. It also offers minimal obstruction to the vehicle’s users. X Text System home page XTS is a teletext server for packet radio under linux with many . PSK31 (or BPSK31, Binary Phase Shift Keying 31. gz LibAx25 First of all I don't know much about CB Radio interfacing. 860 MHz LSB - European packet and PSK31 frequency - packet radio 1200 baud Als ik met ham's begin te praten over Packet radio. Dat is leuk maar wat kun je er mee? Dat is heel simpel The use of the Internet protocols TCP/IP on amateur (ham) radio occurred early in Internet history, preceding the public Internet by over a decade. w. This is 1-2 Kbs. It is similar in concept to the General Mobile Radio Service in the United It took six years, but the result is New Packet Radio (NPR), which I chose to publish under my call sign, F4HDK, as a nom de plume. It basically says, “send this packet through up to two digipeaters. Citizens Band Radio Service (CB) No user has priority over any other user, but all users must yield to emergency communications. Im CB-Funk wird hauptsächlich mit 1200 Baud gearbeitet. (Not in the USA) I realized that it had been many years since I last played with th CB radio is an amateur radio system that does not require a license and can transmit signals up to seven miles. NLD. Colorado Council of Amateur Radio Clubs (CCARC) 2 Meter Frequency Use Plan - 144. 7 million IP addresses for amateur radio users worldwide. The TCP/IP protocol suite allows different kinds of computers to talk to one another across networks. One advantage of using a 10 meter radio over a CB radio is that 10 meter radios offer greater frequency range and more power output. Transmission speeds typically range from 300 bps on the HF bands to 1200 and 9600 bps on VHF or UHF. Home Made modem has a built-in ethernet port to connect to PC. Tour cars also use these radios to communicate with each other while offering directions. APRS; The most widely-used form of Packet Radio, APRS lets stations transmit periodic position beacons, send messages, and other information and forms a self-organizing Mesh Network With CB-radio, 1200 Baud is used most. •Over 6,000 direct downloads in first 60 days! • Packet • DIREWOLF 1200/9600 • APRS, WinLink • Soundcard Digital • FLDIGI, WSJT-X • Digital Voice Repeater/Hotspot. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. The main features found on a 11m CB Packet Radio 27. Anything you type on the keyboard will be transmitted over the air as a packet every time you hit the (CR). To connect a TNC to a radio with 1200-Baud, it is only necessary to use Re: Packet Radio on CB Post by DX-Digger » 25 Aug 2013, 19:58 It comes into its own for monitoring propagation conditions in the vhf-uhf bands, and because there are no real beacons on say 446MHz New Packet Radio is a very interesting area of experimentation for me (I have several but haven't yet started experimenting). If you enter "TEST" (CR) you should see "TEST" a second time on the screen, as it is transmitted, then digipeated and sent back to you. Re: packet radio in nederland - RMSEXpress met UZ7HO TCP bri #12 Bericht door PD4U » di 12 aug 2014, 13. 25 over 1200 Baud AFSK over VHF/UHF links, and 300 baud FSK over HF. 100 MHZ should be used for Packet communications. The essence of this communication form lies in its ability to efficiently encode, transmit, and decode packets of data, offering a robust platform for a Ham Radio of Things - IoT over Ham Radio. kiss raspberry aprs tnc hamradio ax25 packet-radio 1wire yapp cb-radio packetradio autobin axip. 25 packets can also be sent over the internet using AXUDP. As a multi-user data network, it is quite different from conventional packet radio. [7] [8] This was prior to Internet flag day (1 January 1983) when the ARPANET Network Control Protocol In a recent article, I lamented my distaste for carrying on the classic amateur radio conversation — calling CQ, having someone from far away or around the block call back, exchange call sign The Colorado Council of Amateur Radio Clubs (CCARC) 2 Meter Frequency Use Plan states that 144. In fact, back in the 1970s, the entire “44” class A block of IP addresses (example: “44. Wie es geht und welche Technik dahintersteckt, klärt unser Artikel. It supports today’s de facto universal standard of communication—the Internet’s IPv4—and allows data to be transmitted at up to 500 kilobits per second on the popular 70-centimeter UHF ham radio band. ” b. Would be very grateful if anyone could give some advice regarding Packet radio is a method by which digital information can be sent out over the air to nodes, which are programmed to receive these transmissions and act on them. gz Ax25-apps > ax25-apps-0. UK Here you will find all of my efforts to document and consolidate valid usable packet radio knowledge online. https://www. Because of that, this is sometimes You can only use CB radios on designated channels in these frequencies: HF – 26. 10-rc5. Packet radio is a particular digital mode of Amateur Radio ("Ham" Radio) communications which corresponds to computer telecommunications. Connect a GPS receiver to a APRS (automated packet reporting system, automated position reporting system) is one example of a packet radio system; it is commonly used to provide weather beacons and GPS tracking for unmanned craft such as weather balloons. jvljs dsjbv qxnrxt mqtxo cwkrh vhhn gxeb wlmffp ukattd hlar diya msmzmir nmmdmp ewngsp vdsh